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Co-authored-by: sfalexrog <sfalexrog@gmail.com> * Rework the structure. * Add Clever 4 assembling instruction. * Rework setup articles. * Many additional changes.
295 lines
10 KiB
Markdown
295 lines
10 KiB
Markdown
# Configuring Wi-Fi
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The Raspberry Pi Wi-Fi adapter has two main operating modes:
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1. **Client mode** – RPi connects to an existing Wi-Fi network.
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2. **Access point mode** – RPi creates a Wi-Fi network that you can connect to.
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On our [RPi image](image.md) the Wi-Fi adapter is configured to use the [access point mode](wifi.md) by default.
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## Changing the password or SSID (of the network name)
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1. Edit the `/etc/wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant.conf` file (using [SSH connection](ssh.md)):
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```bash
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sudo nano /etc/wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant.conf
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```
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In order to change the name of the Wi-Fi network, change the value of the `ssid` parameter; to change the password, change the `psk` parameter. For example:
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```txt
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network={
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ssid="my-super-ssid"
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psk="cleverwifi123"
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mode=2
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proto=RSN
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key_mgmt=WPA-PSK
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pairwise=CCMP
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group=CCMP
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auth_alg=OPEN
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}
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```
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2. Restart Raspberry Pi.
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> **Caution** The Wi-Fi network password should be **at least** 8 characters.
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>
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> If your `wpa_supplicant.conf` is not valid, Raspberry Pi will not allow Wi-Fi connections!
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## Switching adapter to the client mode
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1. Disable the `dnsmasq` service.
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```bash
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sudo systemctl stop dnsmasq
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sudo systemctl disable dnsmasq
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```
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2. Enable DHCP client on the wireless interface to obtain IP address. In order to do this, remove the following lines from the `etc/dhcpcd.conf` file:
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```conf
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interface wlan0
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static ip_address=192.168.11.1/24
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```
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3. Configure `wpa_supplicant` to connect to an existing access point. Change your `/etc/wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant.conf` to contain the following:
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```
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ctrl_interface=DIR=/var/run/wpa_supplicant GROUP=netdev
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update_config=1
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country=GB
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network={
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ssid="SSID"
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psk="password"
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}
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```
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where `SSID` is the name of the network, and `password` is its password.
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4. Restart the `dhcpcd` service.
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```bash
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sudo systemctl restart dhcpcd
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```
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## Switching the adapter to the access point mode
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1. Enable the static IP address in the wireless interface. Add the following lines to your `/etc/dhcpcd.conf` file:
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```conf
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interface wlan0
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static ip_address=192.168.11.1/24
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```
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2. Configure wpa_supplicant to work in the access point mode. Change your `/etc/wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant.conf` file to contain the following:
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```
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ctrl_interface=DIR=/var/run/wpa_supplicant GROUP=netdev
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update_config=1
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country=GB
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network={
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ssid="CLEVER-1234"
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psk="cleverwifi"
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mode=2
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proto=RSN
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key_mgmt=WPA-PSK
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pairwise=CCMP
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group=CCMP
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auth_alg=OPEN
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}
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```
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where `CLEVER-1234` is the network name and `cleverwifi` is the password.
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3. Enable the `dnsmasq` service.
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```bash
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sudo systemctl enable dnsmasq
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sudo systemctl start dnsmasq
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```
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4. Restart the `dhcpcd` service.
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```bash
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sudo systemctl restart dhcpcd
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```
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___
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Below you can read more about how RPi networking is organized.
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## RPi network organization
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Network operation in the [image](image.md) is supported by two pre-installed services:
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* **networking** — the service enables all network interfaces at startup [5].
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* **dhcpcd** — the service ensures that configuration of addressing and routing on the interfaces is obtained dynamically or specified statically in the config file.
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To work in the router (access point) mode, RPi requires a DHCP server. It is used to automatically send the settings of the current network to connected clients. `isc-dhcp-server` or `dnsmasq` may be used for this.
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### dhcpcd
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Starting with Raspbian Jessie, network settings are no longer defined in the `/etc/network/interfaces` file. Now `dhcpcd` is used for sending addressing and routing settings[4].
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By default, a dhcp client is enabled in all interfaces. Settings for network interfaces are changed in the `/etc/dhcpcd.conf` file. An access point should have a static IP address. To specify one, add the following lines to the end of the file:
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```
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interface wlan0
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static ip_address=192.168.11.1/24
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```
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> **Note** If the interface is wireless (wlan), the `dhcpcd` service triggers `wpa_supplicant` [13], which in turn works directly with the Wi-Fi adapter, and sets it to the specified state.
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### wpa_supplicant
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**wpa_supplicant** — the service configures the Wi-Fi adapter. The `wpa_supplicant` service does not run as a standalone service (although it exists as such), but is instead launched as a `dhcpcd` child process.
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By default the config file is `/etc/wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant.conf`.
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An example of the configuration file:
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```conf
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ctrl_interface=DIR=/var/run/wpa_supplicant GROUP=netdev
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update_config=1
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country=GB
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network={
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ssid=\"CLEVER-SMIRNOV\"
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psk=\"cleverwifi\"
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mode=2
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proto=RSN
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key_mgmt=WPA-PSK
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pairwise=CCMP
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group=CCMP
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auth_alg=OPEN
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}
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```
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Inside the config file, general `wpa_supplicant` settings, and the settings for the adapter configuration are specified. The configuration file also contains `network` section with the basic settings of the Wi-Fi network, such as network SSID, password, adapter operating mode. There may be several `network` sections, but only the first valid one is used. For example, if the first section contains a connection to an unavailable network, the adapter will be configured according to a next valid section, if there is one. Read more about the syntax of `wpa_supplicant.conf` [TODO WIKI].
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#### wpa_passphrase
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`wpa_passphrase` — a utility for creating the `network` section.
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```bash
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wpa_passphrase SSID PASSWORD
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```
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After running the command, copy the resulting section to your config file. You may remove the commented field `psk`, and leave only the field with the password hash, or vice versa.
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```bash
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network={
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ssid="SSID"
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#psk="PASSWORD"
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psk=c2161655c6ba444d8df94cbbf4e9c5c4c61fc37702b9c66ed37aee1545a5a333
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}
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```
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### Multiple Wi-Fi adapters
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The system may use multiple Wi-Fi adapters. If drivers are properly connected to them, they may be viewed by calling `ifconfig` (e.g. `wlan0` and `wlan1`).
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If you have multiple adapters, the same working `network` section will be used for all of them. This is due to the fact that for each interface, `dhcpcd` separately creates a child `wpa_supplicant` process, which runs the same code ( since the config is the same).
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To make multiple adapters work with individual settings, the mechanism for running different configuration scripts is implemented in the called standard `dhcpcd` script. To use it, rename the standard config file as follows: `wpa_supplicant-<interface name>.conf`, for example `wpa_supplicant-wlan0.conf`.
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To apply the settings, restart the parent process — the `dhcpcd` service. This can be done by running the following command:
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```bash
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sudo systemctl restart dhcpcd
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```
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### DHCP server
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#### dnsmasq-base
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`dnsmasq-base` — a command-line utility, which is not a service. To use dnsmasq as a service, install the `dnsmasq` package.
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```bash
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sudo apt install dnsmasq-base
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```
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```bash
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# Calling dnsmasq-base
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sudo dnsmasq --interface=wlan0 --address=/clever/coex/192.168.11.1 --no-daemon --dhcp-range=192.168.11.100,192.168.11.200,12h --no-hosts --filterwin2k --bogus-priv --domain-needed --quiet-dhcp6 --log-queries
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# More about dnsmasq-base
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dnsmasq --help
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# or
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man dnsmasq
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```
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#### dnsmasq
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```bash
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sudo apt install dnsmasq
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```
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```bash
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cat << EOF | sudo tee -a /etc/dnsmasq.conf
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interface=wlan0
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address=/clever/coex/192.168.11.1
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dhcp-range=192.168.11.100,192.168.11.200,12h
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no-hosts
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filterwin2k
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bogus-priv
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domain-needed
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quiet-dhcp6
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EOF
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```
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#### isc-dhcp-server
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```bash
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sudo apt install isc-dhcp-server
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```
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```bash
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# https://www.shellhacks.com/ru/sed-find-replace-string-in-file/
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sed -i 's/INTERFACESv4=\"\"/INTERFACESv4=\"wlan0\"/' /etc/default/isc-dhcp-server
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```
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```bash
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cat << EOF | sudo tee /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf
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subnet 192.168.11.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 {
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range 192.168.11.11 192.168.11.254;
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#option domain-name-servers 8.8.8.8;
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#option domain-name "rpi.local";
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option routers 192.168.11.1;
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option broadcast-address 192.168.11.255;
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default-lease-time 600;
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max-lease-time 7200;
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}
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EOF
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```
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```bash
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cat << EOF | sudo tee /etc/network/if-up.d/isc-dhcp-server && sudo chmod +x /etc/network/if-up.d/isc-dhcp-server
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#!/bin/sh
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if [ "\$IFACE" = "--all" ];
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then sleep 10 && systemctl start isc-dhcp-server.service &
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fi
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EOF
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```
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## Links
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1. [habr.com Linux WiFi from the command line with wpa_supplicant](https://habr.com/post/315960/)
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2. [wiki.archlinux.org WPA supplicant (Russian)](https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/WPA_supplicant_%28%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%29)
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3. [blog.hoxnox.com: WiFi access point with wpa_supplicant](http://blog.hoxnox.com/gentoo/wifi-hotspot.html)
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4. [dmitrysnotes.ru: Raspberry Pi 3. Assigning a static IP addresses](http://dmitrysnotes.ru/raspberry-pi-3-prisvoenie-staticheskogo-ip-adresa)
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5. [thegeekdiary.com: Linux OS Service ‘network’](https://www.thegeekdiary.com/linux-os-service-network/)
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6. [frillip.com: Using your new Raspberry Pi 3 as a Wi-Fi access point with hostapt](https://frillip.com/using-your-raspberry-pi-3-as-a-wifi-access-point-with-hostapd/) (it also contains instructions for setting up forwarding for using RPi as an Internet gateway)
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7. [habr.com: Configuring a ddns server on a GNU/Linux Debian 6](https://habr.com/sandbox/30433/) (Good article on configuring a ddns server based on `bind` and `isc-dhcp-server`)
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8. [pro-gram.ru to: Setting up and configuring a DHCP server in Ubuntu 16.04.](https://pro-gram.ru/dhcp-server-ubuntu.html) (setup isc-dhcp-server)
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9. [expert-orda.ru: Configuring a DHCP server in Ubuntu](http://expert-orda.ru/posts/liuxnewbie/125--dhcp-ubuntu) (setup isc-dhcp-server)
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10. [academicfox.com: A Raspberry Pi wireless access point (WiFi access point)](http://academicfox.com/raspberry-pi-besprovodnaya-tochka-dostupa-wifi-access-point/) (setting the routes, hostapd, isc-dhcp-server)
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11. [weworkweplay.com: Automatically connect a Raspberry Pi to a Wifi network](http://weworkweplay.com/play/automatically-connect-a-raspberry-pi-to-a-wifi-network/) (Contains settings for creating an open access point)
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12. [wiki.archlinux.org: WPA supplicant](https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/WPA%20supplicant)
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13. [wiki.archlinux.org: dhcpcd](https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Dhcpcd#10-wpa_supplicant) (dhcpcd hook wpa_supplicant)
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