* builder: Use 64-bit Raspberry Pi OS * travis: Use 64-bit builder * builder: Don't try to install Melodic packages on Noetic * clover: Use package version 3, update dependencies * travis: Enable Noetic build * standalone_install: Auto-select Python, ROS distro * builder: Use variable substitution for ROS_DISTRO * builder: Add Noetic package definitions * builder: Use variable substitution for validation * aruco_pose, clover: Allow compiling against OpenCV 3 and 4 * builder: Add proper Noetic repository * builder: Don't force Tornado version Assume rosbridge_suite depends on the right one. * builder: Install packages for Python 3 * builder/test: Use Python3 interpreter for ROS tests TODO (?): add tests for Python2? * builder: Use Python 3 syntax for Python 3 tests * builder: Install rpi_ws281x for Python3 * standalone_install: Use proper Python for pytest * builder: Install espeak for python3 * builder: Use proper path for roscore * builder: Install rosdep, etc. for python3 * builder: Run Clever/Clover test with Python3 * builder: Use Python3 for Clever compat layer * builder: Enable OpenCV 4.2 repository * builder: Force versions for ROS packages that use OpenCV Also, hold their versions so that they don't get updated for no reason. * aruco_pose/draw: Replace OpenCV projection code with a rewrite * builder: Don't try to install compressed_transport twice * clover: Fix importing urllib for Python3 * aruco_pose, clover: Expose Python scripts through CMake * clover/selfcheck: Be more python3-compatible This is basically commita01d199890from buster-python3, not sure if it aged well. * roswww_static: Add python script installation * clover_blocks: Use Python3 syntax for exec * aruco_pose: Remove unused code * Melodic => Noetic in some docs * docs: add 0.22 migration article * docs: remove unneeded comment * docs: python 3 updates * docs: python 3 update in auto_setup article * docs: add ROS Noetic transition note * aruco.launch: add placement, length and map arguments * genmap.py: add -o argument for output file name * docs: use -o argument of genmap.py * simple_offboard: correctly check manual control timeout, separate it from kill switch check * blocks: force led_leds index to int * docs: update and fix 0.22 migration articles * blocks: fix set_leds with color-typed argument * aruco_gen: Open file in binary mode for Python3 compatibility * clover: Use proper variable in aruco.launch * led: change default number of leds to 72 * aruco_pose: Make sure there are no undefined symbols Also, compile in apriltag_quad_thresh.cpp - it contains some of the functions referenced in aruco.cpp, which would otherwise be undefined. * aruco_pose: Make vendored library compatible with older OpenCVs * aruco_pose, clover: Reduce the amount of OpenCV libs requested * aruco_pose, clover: Move subscriptions to the end of init * aruco_pose: Don't expose vendored library symbols * aruco_pose: Simplify dynamic parameter callback setting * builder: Build with debug symbols * clover: Attempt to respawn dying nodelets * Change Raspberry Pi OS to latest armhf, use packages.coex.tech as a source * Add CRYPTOGRAPHY_DONT_BUILD_RUST=1 * Fix Node.js installation * image: use older CMake (3.13.4-1) Fixing https://travis-ci.org/github/CopterExpress/clover/jobs/764367665#L6984 * image: update Raspberry Pi OS to 2021-03-04 * image: bring back moving ld.so.preload out of the way while building * Fix pthreads ld error * Try to fix pthreads ld error * Another attempt to fix pthreads ld error * Yet another attempt to fix pthreads ld error * Try to fix * Be verbose * Temporarily disable rc and camera_markers building * Fix standalone-install * Revert "Temporarily disable rc and camera_markers building" This reverts commite119220e91. * Try to fix * Try to fix * Revert "image: use older CMake (3.13.4-1)" This reverts commitdf28da0060. * Revert "Revert "image: use older CMake (3.13.4-1)"" This reverts commita28c774e8f. * Verbosity * Debugging * More debugging * Display all CMake variables * Try to fix * Another try to fix * Revert "Another try to fix" This reverts commit5a4c3a0da7. * Another try to fix * And another * And yet another * Continue... * Cleanup * Sources lists cleanup * More cleanup * Restore .git directory in clover repo * Fix building documentation * Fix documentation building in image * Trigger build to update ws281x package * Test * Disable unneeded hack * Disable hack * image: add cmake-modules package * www: add viewing clover.err file from web interface * Remove hacks * Show nodelet version * docs: add packages article * image: add image-view package for recording video from topics * Minor fix * CI: add Docker authentication on image build * CI: fix Bash syntax * CI: fix authentication in Docker * CI: move Melodic build and editorconfig-lint to GitHub Actions (#331) * Create main.yml * Update main.yml * Disable native Melodic build in Travis * Run editorconfig-lint in Actions * Let wget be less verbose * Test * Test ok * Disable editorconfig-lint in Travis * docs: add links to hardware sources * CI: move image building to GitHub actions (#335) * Start working on building image in GitHub actions * Trigger GitHub on push to any branch * Fix TRAVIS_TAG * Add compress image step * Disable image build in Travis * Add upload image step * Fix compress image * Fix * Fix * Minor fix * Trigger build on tag * Show images sizes not in human format * Upload only built image * Make prerelease * Upload assets on release not on tags * readme: change build badge to GitHub Actions * readme: add support chat badge * CI: move documentation building to GitHub Actions (#337) * CI: change docs target branch to actions * CI: change docs target branch to master * CI: use gh-pages target branch for docs * CI: split up to several workflows * CI: remove .travis.yml * CI: change apt to apt-get * CI: push documentation site to the main repo * builder: less verbosity * CI: add new key for apt Fixing https://github.com/CopterExpress/clover/runs/2700356960#step:3:74 * Add Noetic building to CI * Add test for QR recognition * Fix * Move QR recognition test to a separate file * Fix QR recognition code for Python 3 * Import SetLEDs, LEDStateArray, LEDState in tests * Add more imports to tests (from documentation) * Fix permissions * Fix standalone-install for Python 2 * Fix QR recognition test * Don’t use ROS for QR recognition test * docs: remove non-working example * Make v4l2 device file an argument in main_camera.launch * Wait for v4l2 device before launching the camera driver * Use exec in waitfile * Transfer main camera nodelet manager to main_camera.launch * Update cv_camera version to 0.5.1 * docs: minor fix * Revert cv_camera to 0.5.0 * Update Raspberry Pi OS to 2021-05-07 * docs: add link to the last ROS Melodic version. Co-authored-by: Alexey Rogachevskiy <sfalexrog@gmail.com>
11 KiB
Примеры кода
Python
Note
При использовании кириллических символов в кодировке UTF-8 необходимо добавить в начало программы указание кодировки:
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
Полет в точку и ожидание окончания полета:
import math
# ...
def navigate_wait(x=0, y=0, z=0, yaw=float('nan'), speed=0.5, frame_id='', auto_arm=False, tolerance=0.2):
navigate(x=x, y=y, z=z, yaw=yaw, speed=speed, frame_id=frame_id, auto_arm=auto_arm)
while not rospy.is_shutdown():
telem = get_telemetry(frame_id='navigate_target')
if math.sqrt(telem.x ** 2 + telem.y ** 2 + telem.z ** 2) < tolerance:
break
rospy.sleep(0.2)
Для того, чтобы определить расстояние до целевой точки, функция использует фрейм navigate_target.
Использование функции для полета в точку x=3, y=2, z=1 относительно карты маркеров:
navigate_wait(x=3, y=2, z=1, frame_id='aruco_map')
Эту функцию можно использовать и для взлета:
navigate_wait(z=1, frame_id='body', auto_arm=True)
Посадка и ожидание окончания посадки:
def land_wait():
land()
while get_telemetry().armed:
rospy.sleep(0.2)
Использование:
land_wait()
Ожидание окончания прилета в navigate-точку:
import math
# ...
def wait_arrival(tolerance=0.2):
while not rospy.is_shutdown():
telem = get_telemetry(frame_id='navigate_target')
if math.sqrt(telem.x ** 2 + telem.y ** 2 + telem.z ** 2) < tolerance:
break
rospy.sleep(0.2)
Функция определения расстояния между двумя точками (важно: точки должны быть в одной системе координат):
import math
# ...
def get_distance(x1, y1, z1, x2, y2, z2):
return math.sqrt((x1 - x2) ** 2 + (y1 - y2) ** 2 + (z1 - z2) ** 2)
Функция для приблизительного определения расстояния (в метрах) между двумя глобальными координатами (широта/долгота):
import math
# ...
def get_distance_global(lat1, lon1, lat2, lon2):
return math.hypot(lat1 - lat2, lon1 - lon2) * 1.113195e5
Дизарм коптера (выключение винтов, коптер упадет):
# Объявление прокси:
from mavros_msgs.srv import CommandBool
arming = rospy.ServiceProxy('mavros/cmd/arming', CommandBool)
# ...
arming(False) # дизарм
Трансформировать позицию (PoseStamped) из одной системы координат (фрейма) в другую, используя tf2:
import tf2_ros
import tf2_geometry_msgs
from geometry_msgs.msg import PoseStamped
tf_buffer = tf2_ros.Buffer()
tf_listener = tf2_ros.TransformListener(tf_buffer)
# ...
# Создаем объект PoseStamped (либо получаем из топика):
pose = PoseStamped()
pose.header.frame_id = 'map' # фрейм, в котором задана позиция
pose.header.stamp = rospy.get_rostime() # момент времени, для которого задана позиция (текущее время)
pose.pose.position.x = 1
pose.pose.position.y = 2
pose.pose.position.z = 3
pose.pose.orientation.w = 1
frame_id = 'base_link' # целевой фрейм
transform_timeout = rospy.Duration(0.2) # таймаут ожидания трансформации
# Преобразовываем позицию из старого фрейма в новый:
new_pose = tf_buffer.transform(pose, frame_id, transform_timeout)
Определение, перевернут ли коптер:
PI_2 = math.pi / 2
telem = get_telemetry()
flipped = abs(telem.pitch) > PI_2 or abs(telem.roll) > PI_2
Расчет общего угла коптера к горизонту:
PI_2 = math.pi / 2
telem = get_telemetry()
flipped = not -PI_2 <= telem.pitch <= PI_2 or not -PI_2 <= telem.roll <= PI_2
angle_to_horizon = math.atan(math.hypot(math.tan(telem.pitch), math.tan(telem.roll)))
if flipped:
angle_to_horizon = math.pi - angle_to_horizon
Полет по круговой траектории:
RADIUS = 0.6 # m
SPEED = 0.3 # rad / s
start = get_telemetry()
start_stamp = rospy.get_rostime()
r = rospy.Rate(10)
while not rospy.is_shutdown():
angle = (rospy.get_rostime() - start_stamp).to_sec() * SPEED
x = start.x + math.sin(angle) * RADIUS
y = start.y + math.cos(angle) * RADIUS
set_position(x=x, y=y, z=start.z)
r.sleep()
Повторять действие с частотой 10 Гц:
r = rospy.Rate(10)
while not rospy.is_shutdown():
# Do anything
r.sleep()
Пример подписки на топики из MAVROS:
from geometry_msgs.msg import PoseStamped, TwistStamped
from sensor_msgs.msg import BatteryState
from mavros_msgs.msg import RCIn
# ...
def pose_update(pose):
# Обработка новых данных о позиции коптера
pass
# Остальные функции-обработчики
# ...
rospy.Subscriber('/mavros/local_position/pose', PoseStamped, pose_update)
rospy.Subscriber('/mavros/local_position/velocity', TwistStamped, velocity_update)
rospy.Subscriber('/mavros/battery', BatteryState, battery_update)
rospy.Subscriber('mavros/rc/in', RCIn, rc_callback)
Информацию по топикам MAVROS см. по ссылке.
Пример отправки произвольного MAVLink-сообщения коптеру:
# ...
from mavros_msgs.msg import Mavlink
from mavros import mavlink
from pymavlink import mavutil
# ...
mavlink_pub = rospy.Publisher('mavlink/to', Mavlink, queue_size=1)
# Отправка сообщения HEARTBEAT:
msg = mavutil.mavlink.MAVLink_heartbeat_message(mavutil.mavlink.MAV_TYPE_GCS, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0)
msg.pack(mavutil.mavlink.MAVLink('', 2, 1))
ros_msg = mavlink.convert_to_rosmsg(msg)
mavlink_pub.publish(ros_msg)
Реакция на переключение режима на пульте радиоуправления (может быть использовано для запуска автономного полета, см. пример):
from mavros_msgs.msg import RCIn
# Вызывается при получении новых данных с пульта
def rc_callback(data):
# Произвольная реакция на переключение тумблера на пульте
if data.channels[5] < 1100:
# ...
pass
elif data.channels[5] > 1900:
# ...
pass
else:
# ...
pass
# Создаем подписчик на топик с данными с пульта
rospy.Subscriber('mavros/rc/in', RCIn, rc_callback)
rospy.spin()
Сменить режим полета на произвольный:
from mavros_msgs.srv import SetMode
# ...
set_mode = rospy.ServiceProxy('mavros/set_mode', SetMode)
# ...
set_mode(custom_mode='STABILIZED')
Флип:
import math
# ...
PI_2 = math.pi / 2
def flip():
start = get_telemetry() # memorize starting position
set_rates(thrust=1) # bump up
rospy.sleep(0.2)
set_rates(pitch_rate=30, thrust=0.2) # pitch flip
# set_rates(roll_rate=30, thrust=0.2) # roll flip
while True:
telem = get_telemetry()
flipped = abs(telem.pitch) > PI_2 or abs(telem.roll) > PI_2
if flipped:
break
rospy.loginfo('finish flip')
set_position(x=start.x, y=start.y, z=start.z, yaw=start.yaw) # finish flip
print(navigate(z=2, speed=1, frame_id='body', auto_arm=True)) # take off
rospy.sleep(10)
rospy.loginfo('flip')
flip()
Необходимо использование специальной сборки PX4 для Клевера. Перед выполнением флипа необходимо принять все меры безопасности.
Произвести калибровку гироскопа:
from pymavlink import mavutil
from mavros_msgs.srv import CommandLong
from mavros_msgs.msg import State
# ...
send_command = rospy.ServiceProxy('/mavros/cmd/command', CommandLong)
def calibrate_gyro():
rospy.loginfo('Calibrate gyro')
if not send_command(command=mavutil.mavlink.MAV_CMD_PREFLIGHT_CALIBRATION, param1=1).success:
return False
calibrating = False
while not rospy.is_shutdown():
state = rospy.wait_for_message('mavros/state', State)
if state.system_status == mavutil.mavlink.MAV_STATE_CALIBRATING or state.system_status == mavutil.mavlink.MAV_STATE_UNINIT:
calibrating = True
elif calibrating and state.system_status == mavutil.mavlink.MAV_STATE_STANDBY:
rospy.loginfo('Calibrating finished')
return True
calibrate_gyro()
Note
В процессе калибровки гироскопов дрон нельзя двигать.
Динамически включать и отключать распознавание ArUco-маркеров (например, для экономии ресурсов процессора):
import rospy
import dynamic_reconfigure.client
# ...
client = dynamic_reconfigure.client.Client('aruco_detect')
# Turn markers recognition off
client.update_configuration({'enabled': False})
rospy.sleep(5)
# Turn markers recognition on
client.update_configuration({'enabled': True})